Learn More About South American Wine Appellations

The story of New World wines

Among the so-called New World regions, South America is the oldest, with wine production recorded since the 1530s. Introduced by the Spanish colonists in Mexico, initially for religious needs, wine-growing became a flourishing activity from the 18th century in Chile and Argentina, countries which have since remained the two major producers of the subcontinent.

It wasn't until the 1980s that Chileans and Argentinians became aware of their tremendous potential. Backing on either side of the Andes, south of the Tropic of Capricorn, the vineyards benefit from almost ideal conditions: abundant sunshine, dry heat discouraging parasites, cool nights and Andean water available in abundance and permanently for irrigation - often indispensable.

Chile, legislation and designations

Chilean wines originally blended grapes from various regions, so that it is the producer's signature, brand and grape variety that guide the consumer.

However, in 2002, Chile adopted a system of DOs (denominación de origen) defining regions from north to south (e.g. Valle Central, by far the most important), which in turn are divided into sub-regions corresponding to lateral valleys (e.g. Colchagua). This division follows a logic that is more administrative than viticultural, but we are nevertheless witnessing the beginning of regional specialisation based on the suitability of grape varieties and regions and the emergence of great wines from specific vineyards.

OD regulations are still not very restrictive in terms of yields and viticultural practices. The mention of a region on the label means that at least 75% (85% for exported wines) of the grapes come from that region; the same applies to the grape variety and the vintage. For red wines, the term Reserva (Especial, Privada or Gran) indicates at least partial ageing in barrels.

Argentina, legislation and designations

As in Chile, the producer and the grape variety remain the two main points of reference for the consumer of Argentinean wines. There is also legislation on origin, including DOCs (Designation of Origin) and more than 180 GIs (Geographic Indication), which can cover the territory of a region (Mendoza), a sub-region (Valle de Uco in Mendoza) or a smaller area. In reality, only the regions of Salta (for its Torrontés) and especially Mendoza enjoy real fame.

The importance of grape varieties

The grape varieties present in South America were in many cases imported in the 19th century. Many French grape varieties (Cabernet-sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay) but also Italian ones have contributed to the great development of the continent's vines and wines. For example, more reference is made to the grape variety on the labels of bottles of Latin American wines. Argentina mainly works with Malbec and Tannat, as does Uruguay. In Chile, the Carménère is becoming a speciality.

Vinification of Chilean red wines

Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Carménère, Malbec, Merlot, País, Petit Verdot, Pinot Noir

Vinification of Chilean white wines

Chardonnay, Muscat, Pinot Blanc, Riesling, Sauvignon, Semillon

Vinification of red Argentinean wines

Malbec, Tannat, Bordona, Tempranillo, Cabernet Sauvignon,

Merlot, pinot noir, syrah (lesser); Criolla grande, cereza (native varieties)

Vinification of Argentinean white wines

Chardonnay, Torrontés, Sauvignon, Chenin, Viognier, Semillon

Vignoble de Cafayate, Argentina